SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess exercise capacity, lung and physical function in COVID-19 survivors, and the association of lesion-level characteristics assessed by chest computed tomography, probable sarcopenia, and percentage of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide with clinical and functional variables. METHODS: This study was conducted in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. All patients had a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19 exposure history, pulmonary function, computed tomography, and functionality of the participants between 1 and 3 months of diagnosis of the disease were collected. RESULTS: A total of 135 patients after COVID-19 recovery were included in this study. Probable sarcopenia, reduction in percentage of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and a lower 6-min walk distance were observed after COVID-19 infection. Computed tomography>50% was associated with a longer length of stay and a lower percentage of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide. Probable sarcopenia diagnosis was associated with a worse percentage of the predicted 6-min walk distance in relation to the predicted, absolute 6-min walk distance (m), percentage of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and percentage of total lung capacity. CONCLUSION: Muscle disability and lung dysfunction are common in COVID-19 survivors. Hospitalization was associated with the worst muscle force and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide. Computed tomography characteristics could be a marker of prolonged hospital stay after the acute phase of COVID-19. Additionally, the probable diagnosis of sarcopenia could be a marker of impact on walking distance. These results highlight the need for long-term follow-up of those patients and rehabilitation programs.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A natureza da doença hepática, curso evolutivo e duração das hepatopatias, bem como grau de severidade e incapacidade podem desencadear desfechos múltiplos e com repercussões na aquisição e desenvolvimento neuromotores. OBJETIVO: Revisar sistematicamente e avaliar por meta-análise os efeitos da doença hepática sobre o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de crianças e adolescentes com seus fígados nativos e aquelas que realizaram transplante hepático. MÉTODOS: As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed e periódicos Scopus desde as primeiras publicações na década de 1980 até junho de 2019, de estudos observacionais. Um valor de 0,05 foi considerado significativo. A heterogeneidade estatística do efeito do tratamento entre os estudos foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochran e o teste de inconsistência I2, no qual valores acima de 25 e 50% foram considerados indicativos de heterogeneidade moderada e alta, respectivamente. As análises foram realizadas com o Review Manager 5.3. RESULTADOS Vinte e cinco estudos preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade, incluindo 909 crianças e adolescentes com doenças hepáticas. As meta-análises mostraram déficits QI total -0,41 (IC 95%: -0,51 até -0,32; N: 9.973), QI verbal -0,38 (IC 95%; -0,57 até -0,18; N: 10.284) e linguagem receptiva -0,85 IC 95%: -1,16 até -0,53; N: 921) nos transplantes hepáticos e as com fígados nativos que apresentaram sintomas precocemente tinham escores de QI total e verbal (85±8,8; 86,3±10,6 respectivamente) menores do que aquelas com manifestações tardias (99,5±13,8; 96,2±9,2). Habilidade motora grossa apresentou-se reduzida -46,29 (IC 95%: -81,55 até -11,03; N: 3.746). CONCLUSÃO: A doença hepática aguda ou crônica pode determinar declínios nas funções cognitivas, motoras e de linguagem. Muito embora, os escores melhorem após transplante hepático, as crianças continuam abaixo da média quando comparadas às crianças sadias.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The nature of liver disease, the evolutionary course and duration of liver diseases, as well as the degree of severity and disability can trigger multiple outcomes with repercussions on neuromotor acquisition and development. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review and conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of liver disease on the neuropsychomotor development of children and adolescents with their native livers and those who underwent liver transplantation. METHODS: Observational studies published since the early 1980s until June 2019 were sought in the PubMed and Scopus databases. An α value of 0.05 was considered significant. The statistical heterogeneity of the treatment effect between the studies was assessed by the Cochran’s Q test and the I2 inconsistency test, in which values above 25 and 50% were considered indicative of moderate and high heterogeneity, respectively. Analyses were performed with Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies met the eligibility criteria, including 909 children and adolescents with liver disease. Meta-analyses showed deficits in total IQ -0.41 (95%CI: -0.51 to -0.32; N: 9,973), verbal IQ -0.38 (95%CI: -0.57 to -0.18; N: 10,284) and receptive language -0.85 (95%CI: -1.16 to -0.53; N: 921) in liver transplantation, and those with native livers who had symptoms early had total and verbal IQ scores (85±8.8; 86.3±10.6 respectively) lower than the scores of those with late manifestations (99.5±13.8; 96.2±9.2). Gross motor skill was reduced -46.29 (95%CI: -81.55 to -11.03; N: 3,746). CONCLUSION: Acute or chronic liver disease can cause declines in cognitive, motor and language functions. Although the scores improve after liver transplantation, children remain below average when compared to healthy children.

Abstract Introduction: Heart transplantation (HTx) is the gold standard procedure for selected individuals with refractory heart failure. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is safe and allows patients to exercise in high intensity for longer time when compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). The primary aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis about the effect of HIIT compared to MICT on exercise capacity, peak heart rate, and heart rate reserve in HTx recipients. Secondarily, we pooled data comparing MICT and no exercise training in these patients. Methods: This systematic review followed the standardization of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement and the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. We presented the treatment effects of HIIT on the outcomes of interest as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects, generic inverse variance method. Results: HIIT improved peak oxygen consumption (peakVO2) (MD = 2.1; 95% CI 1.1, 3.1; P<0.0001), peak heart rate (MD = 3.4; 95% CI 0.8, 5.9; P=0.009), and heart rate reserve (MD = 4.8; 95% CI -0.05, 9.6; P=0.05) compared to MICT. Improvements on peakVO2 (MD = 3.5; 95% CI 2.3, 4.7; P<0.00001) and peak heart rate (MD = 5.6; 95% CI 1.6, 9.6; P=0.006) were found comparing HIIT and no exercise training. Conclusion: Current available evidence suggests that HIIT leads to improvements on peakVO2, peak heart rate, and heart rate reserve compared to MICT in HTx recipients. However, the superiority of HIIT should be tested in isocaloric protocols.

RESUMO Introdução Os membros superiores são segmentos do corpo humano responsáveis por atividades primordiais do nosso cotidiano, e os músculos são estruturas imprescindíveis para isso. Ainda são escassos na literatura os estudos sobre a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores da dinamometria Hand-Held em indivíduos saudáveis, sendo inédita a comparação entre os métodos de avaliação da dinamometria nos principais músculos desse segmento. Objetivo Avaliar a confiabilidade da avaliação intraexaminador e interexaminador da dinamometria manual de músculos do membro superior em indivíduos saudáveis, bem como comparar a confiabilidade da avaliação entre métodos fixos e não fixos. Métodos Foram recrutados indivíduos saudáveis, maiores de 18 anos. A contração isométrica para dez grupos musculares do membro superior dominante foi testada. Para o método fixado, foi empregado um sistema de ventosas conectado ao Dinamomêtro Hand-Held (DHH) por um cinto inelástico. No método não fixado, o examinador apoiou o aparelho com a mão. A contração isométrica foi sustentada por três segundos. Cada medida foi repetida três vezes, considerando o maior valor obtido. A confiabilidade foi calculada através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). A dispersão entre as medidas foi expressa pelo diagrama de Bland-Altman. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 25 voluntários, todos destros. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) dos intraexaminadores para método não fixado foi de 0,89 a 0,99 e, para o método fixado, situou-se entre 0,43 e 0,85. A confiabilidade interexaminadores teve comportamento equivalente. O presente estudo demonstrou que a avaliação da força dos músculos dos MMSS com dinamômetro isométrico apresenta excelente confiabilidade tanto intra como interexaminadores. A escolha do posicionamento em supino vem da necessidade de propor um protocolo factível na prática clínica, replicável para a maioria dos públicos e em ambientes diversos. O fato de o método não fixado demonstrar maior confiabilidade, em geral, expõe a viabilidade do uso dessa ferramenta sem necessidade de adaptações, dispositivos adicionais ou aumento do custo operacional nessa avaliação. Conclusão A comparação entre os métodos fixados e os não fixados da dinamometria Hand-Held demonstrou superioridade do método não fixado quanto à confiabilidade. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico - Desenvolvimento de critérios diagnósticos com pacientes consecutivos.

ABSTRACT Introduction The upper limbs are segments of the human body responsible for primary activities of daily life, and the muscles are essential structures for performing these activities. There have been few studies on intra- and inter-examiner reliability of the hand-held dynamometer (HHD) in healthy subjects, and none have been published that compare dynamometric evaluation methods in the main muscles in this segment. Objective Evaluate intra-examiner and inter-examiner assessment reliability of the hand-held dynamometry of upper limb muscles in healthy individuals, as well as comparing the assessment reliability between fixed and non-fixed methods. Methods Healthy subjects aged over 18 years were recruited for the study. The isometric contraction for ten muscle groups of the dominant upper limb was tested. For the fixed method, we used a system of suction cups, connected to the HHD by an inelastic belt. For the non-fixed method, the examiner supported the device by hand. The isometric contraction was sustained for three seconds. Each measurement was repeated three times, considering the highest value obtained. The reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The dispersion between measurements was expressed by a Bland-Altman plot. Results The sample consisted of 25 volunteers, all right-handed. The intra-examiner ICC was 0.89-0.99 for the non-fixed method, and 0.43 to 0.85 for the fixed method. Inter-examiner reliability showed equivalent behavior. This study showed that evaluation of upper limb muscle strength using an isometric dynamometer has excellent intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability. The supine position was chosen due to the need to propose a feasible protocol for clinical practice that could be replicated for the majority of publics and in different environments. The non-fixed method showed better reliability overall, demonstrating the feasibility of this tool without the need for adaptations, additional devices, or increased operating costs for this evaluation. Conclusion Comparison between the fixed and non-fixed HHD methods demonstrated superiority of the non-fixed method in terms of reliability. Level of evidence II; Investigation of a diagnostic exam - Development of diagnostic criteria with consecutive patients.

RESUMEN Introducción Los miembros superiores son segmentos del cuerpo humano responsables de las actividades primordiales de nuestro cotidiano, y los músculos son estructuras imprescindibles para eso. Aún son escasos los estudios sobre la confiabilidad intra e interexaminadores de la dinamometría Hand-Held en individuos saludables, siendo inédita la comparación entre los métodos de evaluación de la dinamometría en los músculos principales de ese segmento. Objetivos Evaluar la confiabilidad de la evaluación intraexaminador e interexaminador de la dinamometría manual de músculos del miembro superior en individuos saludables, bien como comparar la confiabilidad der la evaluación entre métodos fijos y no fijos. Métodos Se reclutaron individuos saludables, mayores de 18 años. Se probó la contracción isométrica para diez grupos musculares del miembro superior dominante. Para el método fijado, se utilizó un sistema de ventosas, conectado al Dinamómetro Hand-Held (DHH) a través de un cinturón inelástico. En el método no fijado, el examinador apoyó el aparato con la mano. La contracción isométrica fue sustentada por tres segundos. Cada medición fue repetida tres veces, considerando el valor más alto obtenido. La confiabilidad fue calculada a través del coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI). La dispersión entre las mediciones se expresó por el diagrama de Bland-Altman. Resultados La muestra fue compuesta por 25 voluntarios, todos diestros. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) de los intraexaminadores para método no fijado fue de 0,89 a 0,99 y, para el método fijado fue entre 0,43 y 0,85. La confiabilidad intraexaminadores tuvo comportamiento equivalente. El presente estudio demostró que la evaluación de la fuerza de los músculos de los MMSS con un dinamómetro isométrico presenta excelente confiabilidad tanto intra como interexaminadores. La elección del posicionamiento en supino viene de la necesidad de proponer un protocolo factible en la práctica clínica, replicable para la mayoría de los públicos y en ambientes diversos. El hecho de que el método no fijado demuestre mayor confiabilidad, en general, expone la viabilidad del uso de esa herramienta sin necesidad de adaptaciones, dispositivos adicionales o aumento del costo operacional, en esa evaluación. Conclusión La comparación entre los métodos fijados y no fijados de la dinamometría Hand-Held demostró superioridad del método no fijado cuanto a la confiabilidad. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico - Desarrollo de criterios diagnósticos con pacientes consecutivos.

SUMMARY The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19), has affected many people in Brazil and worldwide. This disease predominantly affects the organs of the respiratory system, but it also damages the brain, liver, kidneys and especially the heart. In the heart, scientific evidence shows that this virus can damage the coronary arteries, generating microvascular dysfunction, favoring acute myocardial infarction. Furthermore, with the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, it can lead to myocarditis and cardiac fibrosis, inducing changes in the electrical conduction system of the heart, generating cardiac arrhythmias. All these factors mentioned are protagonists in promoting the increase in the mortality outcome. This outcome may be even higher if the individuals are elderly, or if they have other diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus or hypertension, because they may already have cardiomyopathy. In this context, this review focused on the impact that COVID-19 can have on the heart and cardiovascular system and the association of this impact with aging, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiac arrhythmias and arterial hypertension

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) viruses are associated with a high global burden of disease, and coinfection is a frequently reported event. We aimed to compare the functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients infected with HTLV-1, HIV, and HIV-HTLV-1. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients older than 18 years who had an HTLV-1 infection (Group A), HIV infection (Group B), or HIV-HTLV-1 coinfection (Group C). The functioning profiles were evaluated using handgrip strength, Berg balance scale (BBS), timed “up and go” (TUG) test, and 5-m walk test (m/s). We used the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) questionnaire to measure disability. The HRQoL was evaluated using a 36-item short-form health survey. For data with parametric and non-parametric distribution, we used analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction and the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s pairwise tests with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: We enrolled 68 patients in Group A, 39 in Group B, and 29 in Group C. The scores for handgrip strength, BBS, TUG test, all the WHODAS domains, and HRQoL were poorer for Groups A and C than for Group B. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to patients with HIV infection, those with HIV-HTLV-1 coinfection and HTLV-1 infection had poor functioning and HRQoL scores. HTLV-1 infection was associated with reduced functioning and HRQoL in patients with a single HTLV-1 infection and HIV-HTLV-1 coinfection.

Resumo Introdução: Mudanças na função respiratória em pacientes com Doença de Parkinson (DP) contribuem para a pneumonia aspirativa, principal causa de mortalidade nessa população. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos do treino funcional e do exercício em bicicleta estacionária na função respiratória de idosos com Doença de Parkinson (DP). Métodos: 20 participantes foram randomizados em 2 grupos. O grupo experimental (GE) (n = 10) realizou exercício em bicicleta estacionária e o grupo controle (GC) (n = 10) realizou o treino funcional. Um pesquisador cegado avaliou a pressão inspiratória máxima (PIM), a pressão expiratória máxima (PEM), a amplitude toracoabdominal, a capacidade vital forçada (CVF) e o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) antes e após as intervenções. Resultados: Ambos os grupos não melhoraram significativamente a função respiratória. Apenas o GC melhorou de forma significante a CVF (p = 0.01). Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada entre os grupos. Conclusão: Programas de exercício com duração de 8 semanas não são capazes de melhorar a função respiratória de idosos com DP nos estágios 2 a 3 de Hoehn & Yahr. Ambos grupos que realizaram o treino funcional e exercício em bicicleta estacionária não melhora a função respiratória de idosos com DP.

Abstract Introduction: Respiratory function changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) contribute to aspiration pneumonia, the main cause of mortality in PD population. Objective: To compare the effects of functional training and cycle exercise in respiratory function of elderly with PD. Methods: Twenty participants were randomised into two groups. Experimental group (EG) (n = 10) performed cycle exercise and control group (CG) (n = 10) was trained with functional training. A blinded researcher evaluated maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), thoracoabdominal amplitude, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) before and after interventions. Results: Both groups did not improve significantly respiratory function. Only CG improved significantly FVC (p = 0.01). No differences were found between groups. Conclusion: 8-week exercise programs are not able to improve the respiratory function of elderly in 2 to 3 PD Hoehn & Yahr stage. Both functional training and cycle exercise do not to improve respiratory function in elderly with PD.

Resumo O artigo teve como objetivo analisar criticamente estudos que avaliaram a habilidade dos indicadores antropométricos e clínicos enquanto capazes de predizer a SM em idosos. Foi realizado uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, além das referências de artigos selecionados e contato com autores. Foram analisados 21 artigos envolvendo indicadores antropométricos e clínicos em idosos, através de diferentes critérios da SM. Catorze estudos reportam aos indicadores antropométricos, sendo a circunferência da cintura (CC) e a razão cintura-estatura (RCEst) descritos como os melhores preditores de SM, com área sob a curva ROC (AUC) superior a 0,70 (p < 0,05). A circunferência do pescoço também foi descrita como indicador alternativo, porém com menor poder discriminatório. Para os indicadores clínicos, o lipid product accumulation (LAP) foi o parâmetro com melhor desempenho em identificar a SM em idosos, com AUC superior 0,85 e eficiência superior a 70%. Os indicadores CC, RCEst e LAP foram os mais sensiveis na predicação da SM. Desta forma, o emprego desses parâmetros podem facilitar a identificação precoce da SM através de métodos diagnósticos de fácil aplicação, boa precisão e baixo custo. Além disso, é importante a determinação de pontos de corte específicos para idosos, uma ver que a obesidade por si só, parece não ser forte preditor de SM em idosos.

Abstract The article aimed to critically analyse studies which evaluated the capacity of anthropometric and clinical indicators to predict MetS in the elderly. Bibliographical research was performed using the electronic databasese Medline/PubMed, LILACS e SciELO , references from selected articles and contact with several authors. Twenty one articles involving anthropometric and clinical indicators in the elderly were analysed, using different MS criteria. Fourteen studies report anthropometric indicators, being the waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), described as the best MS predictors, with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) over 0.70 (p < 0.05). The neck circumference was also described as an alternative indicator but with less discriminatory power. Lipid accumulation product (LAP) was the parameter with the best performance to identify MS, with an AUC over 0.85 and efficiency greater than 70%. The WC, WHtR and LAP indicators were the most sensitive for predicting MS. The use of these parameters may facilitate the early identification of MS, with good accuracy and low cost. In addition, it is important to determine specific cutoff points for the elderly, since obesity alone does not appear to be a strong predictor of MS in the elderly.

Resumo A ventilação não invasiva (VNI) pode aperfeiçoar o desempenho cardíaco e respiratório dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). O objetivo do estudo é estabelecer, por meio de revisão sistemática e meta-análise, a influência da VNI na capacidade funcional (CF) de indivíduos com IC. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de estudos randomizados através da pesquisa nas bases de dados Biblioteca Cochrane, SciELO, Pubmed e PEDro, utilizando-se as palavras-chave: insuficiência cardíaca, ventilação não invasiva, tolerância ao exercício; e os termos livres: pressão positiva em dois níveis nas vias aéreas (BIPAP), pressão positiva contínua em vias aéreas (CPAP), CF e seus correlatos na língua inglesa, com a combinação dos operadores booleanos (AND e OR). A avaliação da qualidade metodológica se deu via escala de PEDro. Foram calculadas as médias ponderadas e o intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Meta-análise foi realizada com software Review Manager versão 5.3 (Colaboração Cochrane). Foram incluídos quatro ensaios clínicos randomizados. Estudos individuais sugerem que a VNI contribuiu para melhora da CF. VNI resultou em melhora na distância do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) (68,7m 95% IC: 52,6 a 84,9) comparado ao grupo controle. Concluimos que a VNI é uma intervenção que promove efeitos importantes na melhora da CF de pacientes com IC. No entanto, há uma lacuna na literatura de quais são os parâmetros mais adequados para aplicação dessa técnica.

Abstract Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) may perfect respiratory and cardiac performance in patients with heart failure (HF). The objective of the study to establish, through systematic review and meta-analysis, NIV influence on functional capacity of HF patients. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized studies was carried out through research of databases of Cochrane Library, SciELO, Pubmed and PEDro, using the key-words: heart failure, non-invasive ventilation, exercise tolerance; and the free terms: bi-level positive airway pressure (BIPAP), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and functional capacity (terms were searched for in English and Portuguese) using the Boolean operators AND and OR. Methodological quality was ensured through PEDro scale. Weighted averages and a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The meta-analysis was done thorugh the software Review Manager, version 5.3 (Cochrane Collaboration). Four randomized clinical trials were included. Individual studies suggest NIV improved functional capacity. NIV resulted in improvement in the distance of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) (68.7m 95%CI: 52.6 to 84.9) in comparison to the control group. We conclude that the NIV is an intervention that promotes important effects in the improvement of functional capacity of HF patients. However, there is a gap in literature on which are the most adequate parameters for the application of this technique.

Resumo Introdução: O treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) vem sendo utilizado como coadjuvante na preparação do atleta. Seu benefício viria no aumento da capacidade respiratória, podendo estar relacionado com a otimização da tolerância ao exercício. É crescente o número de publicações sobre o assunto, contudo o rigor metodológico destas publicações ainda é desconhecido. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura, a fim de analisar os efeitos do Powerbreathe® no treinamento muscular inspiratório por atletas. Métodos: Foram incluídos estudos científicos originais, classificados na sua tipologia, no idioma inglês, publicados entre 2000 e 2015. A busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados: Lilacs; Medline; Pubmed; Scielo, utilizando os seguintes descritores: treinamento muscular inspiratório, atleta, medicina esportiva (em português), inspiratory muscle trainaing, athletes e Sports medicine (em inglês). Resultados: O treinamento muscular inspiratório com resistor linear específico tem sido utilizado na preparação de algumas modalidades esportivas, seus resultados são promissores. Porém, sua aplicação ainda é recente, e em geral embasada por experimentos com população limitada e sem delimitar adequadamente os fatores de confusão para os resultados encontrados. Conclusão: O estado da arte sugere que o TMI é útil como terapêutica respiratória coadjuvante à preparação do atleta de algumas modalidades esportivas específicas. Contudo, escassez na literatura de estudos com alta qualidade metodológica, demanda maiores experimentos sobre o tema.

Abstract Introduction: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been used as part of athletic training. It is beneficial due to an increase in respiratory capacity, and can be related to the optimization of exercise tolerance. There are a growing number of publications on the subject, however the methodological rigor of these publications is still unknown. Objective: To perform a systematic literature review in order to analyze the effects of Powerbreathe® on inspiratory muscle training by athletes. Methods: Original scientific studies published in English, from 2000 to 2015, were included. Their typology was classified. The literature search was performed in the Lilacs, Medline, Pubmed, and Scielo databases using the following keywords: inspiratory muscle training, athletes, and Sports medicine (in English), treinamento muscular inspiratório, atleta, medicina esportiva (in Portuguese). Results: Inspiratory muscle training with specific linear resistance has been used in some athletic training, and its results are promising. However, its application is still recent and generally supported by experiments with limited population and which do not properly define the confounding factors for the results. Conclusion: The state of the art suggests that IMT is useful as a respiratory therapy supporting the training of athletes for some specific sports. However, there is a scarcity of studies of high methodological quality, thus requiring further experiments on the subject.

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study is to compare the available reference values and the six-minute walk test equations in healthy children/adolescents. Our systematic review was planned and performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. We included all studies that established reference values for the six-minute walk test in healthy children/adolescents. Methods: To perform this review, a research was performed in PubMed, EMBASE (via SCOPUS) and Cochrane (LILACS), Bibliographic Index Spanish in Health Sciences, Organization Collection Pan-American Health Organization, Publications of the World Health Organization and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) via Virtual Health Library until June 2015 without language restriction. Results: The initial research identified 276 abstracts. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were fully reviewed and approved by both reviewers. None of the selected studies presented sample size calculation. Most of the studies recruited children and adolescents from school. Six studies reported the use of random samples. Most studies used a corridor of 30 meters. All studies followed the American Thoracic Society guidelines to perform the six-minute walk test. The walked distance ranged 159 meters among the studies. Of the 12 included studies, 7 (58%) reported descriptive data and 6 (50%) established reference equation for the walked distance in the six-minute walk test. Conclusion: The reference value for the six-minute walk test in children and adolescents ranged substantially from studies in different countries. A reference equation was not provided in all studies, but the ones available took into account well established variables in the context of exercise performance, such as height, heart rate, age and weight. Countries that did not established reference values for the six-minute walk test should be encouraged to do because it would help their clinicians and researchers have a more precise interpretation of the test.

RESUMO Introdução: A associação entre osteoartrite (OA) e obesidade pode gerar redução da capacidade funcional e comprometer a qualidade de vida (QV) de idosos.Objetivo Comparar a capacidade funcional e a QV entre idosos com OA no joelho, obesos e não obesos.A amostra foi constituída por 35 idosos com OA divididos em dois grupos, obesos e não obesos, de acordo com o índice de massa corporal. Para avaliação da capacidade funcional foram feitos testes de desempenho, como Timed Up and Go (TUG), velocidade da marcha e teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). Para avaliação da QV foram aplicados os questionários WOMAC e SF-36. Foi feita estatística descritiva e inferencial com o uso do software SPSS versão 20.0. Métodos: Os idosos com OA foram divididos em dois grupos (obesos, n = 16) e (não obesos, n = 19). As características sociodemográficas foram similares entre os grupos (p > 0,05). Foi observada redução de desempenho no TUG, velocidade da marcha rápida e TC6, com maior intensidade de dor nos itens: “executar tarefas domésticas pesadas”, “descer escadas”, “curvar-se em direção ao chão” e “levantar-se da cama” no grupo dos obesos (p < 0,05). Além disso, o grupo de obesos apresentou maior dificuldade ao executar tarefas para os itens: “descer escadas”, “levantar da cadeira”, “ficar de pé” e “sentar/levantar do vaso sanitaria” (p < 0,05). Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa nos domínios avaliados do SF-36 entre os grupos (p > 0,05). Conclusão: A OA associada à obesidade impactou negativamente a capacidade functional. Entretanto, os escores de QV foram baixos sem diferença para obesos e não obesos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The association between osteoarthritis (OA) and obesity can lead to a reduced functional capacity, compromising the quality of life (QoL) of the elderly. Objective: To compare the functional capacity and QoL of obese and non-obese older adults with knee OA. Methods: The sample consisted of 35 subjects with OA divided into two groups, obese and non-obese subjects, according to their body mass index. To assess functional capacity, performance tests such as Timed Up and Go (TUG), gait speed test, and the six-minute walk test (6 MWT) were carried out. To assess QoL, WOMAC and SF-36 questionnaires were administered. We performed descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software version 20.0. Results: Elderly patients with OA were divided into two groups (obese, n = 16; non-obese, n = 19). Socio-demographic characteristics were similar between groups (p > 0.05). The obese group showed a worst performance in TUG, brisk walking speed and 6 MWT. A more severe pain was found in the following items: “performing heavy housework chores”, “going down stairs”, “bending to floor” and “getting up from bed” in the obese group (p < 0.05). In addition, the obese group had more difficulty to perform tasks for the following items: “going down stairs”, “rising from a chair”, “standing” and “getting on/off toilet” (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the assessed domains of SF-36 between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: OA associated with obesity caused a negative impact on functional capacity; however, quality of life scores were low, and no difference in obese and non-obese subjects was found.

Resumo Objetivo: Testar a confiabilidade e a validade do escore Aofas em uma amostra de pacientes com artrite reumatoide. Métodos: A escala foi aplicada a pacientes com artrite reumatoide, duas vezes pelo entrevistador 1 e uma vez pelo entrevistador 2. O Aofas foi submetido a exame de confiabilidade teste-reteste (com 20 indivíduos com artrite reumatoide). As propriedades psicométricas foram investigadas pela análise Rasch em 33 pacientes com artrite reumatoide. Resultados: O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) foi de 0,90 < CCI < 0,95 (p < 0,001) para a confiabilidade intraexaminador e 0,75 < CCI < 0,91 (p < 0,001) para a confiabilidade interexaminador. O índice de separação dos indivíduos foi de 1,9 e 4,75 para os itens. Isso demonstra que os pacientes se dividiam em três níveis de habilidade e os itens foram divididos em seis níveis de dificuldades. A análise Rasch mostrou que oito itens foram satisfatórios. Foi identificado um item errôneo, que mostrou percentuais acima dos 5% permitidos pelo modelo estatístico. Além disso, o modelo Rasch sugeriu a revisão do item 8 original. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que a versão brasileira do Aofas apresenta confiabilidade adequada, validade de constructo e estabilidade de resposta. Esses resultados indicam que a escala de tornozelo-retropé Aofas apresenta um potencial significativo de aplicabilidade clínica em indivíduos com artrite reumatoide. Outros estudos em populações com outras características já estão em andamento.

Abstract Objective: To tested the reliability and validity of Aofas in a sample of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Methods: The scale was applicable to rheumatoid arthritis patients, twice by the interviewer 1 and once by the interviewer 2. The Aofas was subjected to test-retest reliability analysis (with 20 Rheumatoid arthritis subjects). The psychometric properties were investigated using Rasch analysis on 33 Rheumatoid arthritis patients. Results: Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were (0.90 < ICC < 0.95; p < 0.001) for intra-observer reliability and (0.75 < ICC < 0.91; p < 0.001) for inter-observer reliability. Subjects separation rates were 1.9 and 4.75 for the items, showing that patients fell into three ability levels, and the items were divided into six difficulties levels. The Rasch analysis showed that eight items was satisfactory. One erroneous item have been identified, showing percentages above the 5% allowed by the statistical model. Further Rasch modeling suggested revising the original item 8. Conclusions: The results suggest that the Brazilian versions of Aofas exhibit adequate reliability, construct validity, response stability. These findings indicate that Aofas Ankle-Hindfoot scale presents a significant potential for clinical applicability in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Other studies in populations with other characteristics are now underway.

Abstract Introduction HIV infection and its therapy which can affect their aerobic capacity and health-related quality of life of patients. Objective We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine if aerobic capacity and health related quality of life was decreased in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and comparing patients with and without lipodystrophy. Research design and methods HIV-infected patients older than 18 years, and in current use of highly active antiretroviral therapy drugs, were evaluated for blood count, fasting total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glucose, HIV viral load and CD4/CD8 counts, body composition, peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) and metabolic equivalent. Health related quality of life was assessed by using Short Form-36 (SF-36). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20.0. Results A total of 63 patients with mean age of 43.1 ± 6.4 years were evaluated, of these 34 (54%) had lipodystrophy. The average peak VO2 (31.4 ± 7.6 mL kg−1 min−1) was significantly lower (p < 0.01) than expected values (37.9 ± 5.6 mL kg−1 min−1) according to the characteristics of the patients. The lipodystrophy group presented with a significant difference in muscle mass, body fat, peak VO2 and metabolic equivalent and in functional capacity domains of SF-36. Conclusion Aerobic capacity values were reduced in HIV-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy when compared to predicted values. Lipodystrophy was associated with reduced aerobic capacity and higher frequency of metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle modification should be a priority in the management of chronic HIV disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: O posicionamento do paciente no leito pode afetar diretamente a mecânica respiratória. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a mecânica respiratória em diferentes angulações da cabeceira em pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva sob ventilação mecânica. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo fisiológico, no qual foram mensuradas a complacência estática e dinâmica; a pressão resistiva das vias aéreas e saturação periférica de oxigênio nas diferentes posições adotadas (0° = P1, 30° = P2, 45° = P3 e 60° = P4). Para comparação dos valores obtidos nas diferentes posições, foi utilizada a Análise de Variância de medidas repetidas (ANOVA) com pós-teste de Bonferroni e análise de Friedman. Resultados: Quando comparamos os 35 pacientes avaliados, os valores da pressão resistiva das vias aéreas na posição a 0° foram superiores em relação às angulações mais elevadas. Já na análise da pressão elástica, a posição a 60° apresentou o maior valor em relação às outras posições. Em a relação à complacência estática, houve redução dos valores da posição 0° para a posição 60°. Quando analisada a complacência dinâmica, observou-se que a angulação de 30° apresentou o maior valor, quando comparada às demais posições. A saturação periférica de oxigênio apresentou pequena variação, sendo o maior valor obtido na posição 0°. Conclusão: A complacência dinâmica apresentou maior valor na posição a 30° em relação às outras angulações, sendo que a posição de maior oxigenação foi a 0°.

RESUMO Objective: The positioning of a patient in bed may directly affect their respiratory mechanics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the respiratory mechanics of mechanically ventilated patients positioned with different head angles hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Methods: This was a prospective physiological study in which static and dynamic compliance, resistive airway pressure, and peripheral oxygen saturation were measured with the head at four different positions (0° = P1, 30° = P2, 45° = P3, and 60° = P4). Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Bonferroni post-test and Friedman analysis were used to compare the values obtained at the different positions. Results: A comparison of the 35 evaluated patients revealed that the resistive airway pressure values in the 0° position were higher than those obtained when patients were positioned at greater angles. The elastic pressure analysis revealed that the 60° position produced the highest value relative to the other positions. Regarding static compliance, a reduction in values was observed from the 0° position to the 60° position. The dynamic compliance analysis revealed that the 30° angle produced the greatest value compared to the other positions. The peripheral oxygen saturation showed little variation, with the highest value obtained at the 0° position. Conclusion: The highest dynamic compliance value was observed at the 30° position, and the highest oxygenation value was observed at the 0° position.